Syllabus

Components of diet: Carbohydrate and types, Glucose, Osazones, Oxidation, The pentose phosphate pathway

Amino acid: introduction, amino acid classification

Protein: Various levels of protein structure

Enzymes and Coenzymes: Introduction and types

Fatty acids and vitamins: Types, functions and food requirements

Hormones: Types, Secretion sources, Functions, Effects

Nucleic acids: Introduction, sources and types

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis The Citric Acid Cycle: Glycolysis, ETC pathway, Catalytic reactions, oxidative decarboxylation, intermediate of the citric acid cycle;

Water: Ions, molecules, Water and Electrolyte balance; Acid base: Strong and weak acid, pH, buffer and effectiveness of a buffer.

Chapter-1: Cell Biology
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, Animal cell and plant cell,  Fluid Mosaic Model,  Active transport and passive transport, Exocytosis and Endocytosis, Cell Organelles(Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex Lysosomes Mitochondria, Chloroplasts),  mitosis and meiosis, Cancer : cancer and cellular basis of cancer

Chapter-2: Genetics
Mendel and his laws, test and back crosses, penetrance and expressivity, pleiotropy, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, Sutton and Boveri's theory of inheritance, sex-linked and sex-limited traits, sex-linked inheritance, Chromosomal Aberrations, aneuploidy and polyploidy mechanism of homologous recombination, Morgan’s experiment on Drosophila, Genetic Mapping, mitochondrial and chloroplast inheritance

Chapter3: Molecular Biology:
Meselson and Stahl experiment, Replication of DNA in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Transcription in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, RNA splicing, Genetic Code, Translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Transcriptional Regulation in Prokaryotes

Chapter-4: Recombinant DNA Technology:
Cloning vectors (Plasmid, bacteriophage, cosmid), PCR: RT-PCR, Real Time PCR, Restriction Enzymes and types, Blotting: Southern, Northern and Western Blotting, Genomic and cDNA Library, Sequencing: Sanger and NGS, Recombinant vaccines and Gene Therapy

Chapter-5: Plant Cell Culture and Applications
Callus and suspension Cultures, Micropropagation, Haploid Production, Protoplast culture and Somatic Hybridization, Somaclonal variations, Germplasm Conservation, Transgenic Plants

Chapter-6: Animal Cell Culture and Applications
Introduction, Animal cell culture techniques, Characterization of cell lines, Methods of gene delivery into cells, Scale-up of animal culture process, Applications of animal cell culture, Stem cell technology, Tissue engineering

Morphology of root, stem and leaf and their modifications.
Flower, inflorescence, seed and fruits.
Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization and development of embryo.
Seed germination, growth and development.
Cell and cellular functions, tissues, anatomy of root, stem and leaf of both monocot and dicots, secondary growth.

Elementary study of Plant Physiology:
(a) Structure of root hair, uptake of water and minerals root pressure and transpiration.
(b) Structure of stomata, stomatal movement, factors affecting stomatal activity, and carbon assimilation.
(c) Translocation and storage of food materials.
(d) Respiration
(e) Mineral nutrition and metabolism
(f) Plant hormones and vitamins.

Plant taxonomy and elementary study of the following families:
(a) Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
(b) Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
(c) Malvaceae
(d) Solanaceae
(e) Cucurbitaceae
(f) Asteraceae (compositae)
(g) Poaceae (Gramineae)

Classification of plant kingdom. A brief study of the following groups/plants:
(a) Viruses
(b) Bacteria
(c) Spirogyra
(d) Mucor/Rhizopus
(e) Moss
(f) Fern
(g) Cycas

General characters of Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. Heteromorphic alternation of generation.
Natural resources and their conservation; environment and pollution-air, water and soil. community, ecosystem, pyramids, energy flow, mineral cycles, and succession.
Plant tissue culture, biotechnology and its applications.
Molecular Biology- DNA, RNA, Replication, Transcription, DNA damage and repair.
Biochemistry with special reference to carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes and metabolism.
Genetics- Mendel’s laws of inheritance, Linkage, Sex-linked inheritance, Cytoplasmic inheritance, Morgan’s work with Drosophila, Pedigree analysis, Hardy-Weinberg law, Chromosomal theory of inheritance.
Plant Pathology- general features of plant diseases, general symptoms shown by pathogen infected plants, special emphasis on diseases caused by fungi and bacteria in rice, wheat, potato, fruits and vegetables.

Physical Chemistry

Atomic and Molecular Structure: Fundamental particles; Bohr’s theory of hydrogen-like atom; wave-particle duality; uncertainty principle; Schrödinger’s wave equation; quantum numbers; shapes of orbitals; Hund’s rule and Pauli’s exclusion principle; electronic configuration of simple homonuclear diatomic molecules.

Theory of Gases: Equation of state for ideal and non-ideal (van der Waals) gases; Kinetic theory of gases; Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law; equipartition of energy.

Solid state: Crystals and crystal systems; X-rays; NaCl and KCl structures; close packing; atomic and ionic radii; radius ratio rules; lattice energy; Born-Haber cycle; isomorphism; heat capacity of solids.

Chemical Thermodynamics-I: Reversible and irreversible processes; first law and its application to ideal and nonideal gases.

Chemical Thermodynamics-II: Thermochemistry; second law; entropy and free energy; criteria for spontaneity.

Chemical Equilibria-I: Law of mass action; Kp, Kc, Kx and Kn; effect of temperature on K.

Chemical Equilibria-II: Ionic equilibria in solutions; pH and buffer solutions; hydrolysis; solubility product.

Phase Equilibria: Phase equilibria–phase rule and its application to one-component and two-component systems; colligative properties.

Electrochemistry-I: Conductance and its applications; transport number; galvanic cells; EMF and free energy.

Electrochemistry-II: concentration cells with and without transport; polarography; Debey-Huckel-Onsagar theory of strong electrolytes.

Chemical Kinetics-I: Reactions of various order; Arrhenius equation; collision theory; transition state theory; chain reactions – normal and branched.

Chemical Kinetics-II: Enzyme kinetics; photochemical processes; catalysis.

Adsorption: Gibbs adsorption equation; adsorption isotherm; types of adsorption; surface area of adsorbents; surface films on liquids.

Spectroscopy: Beer-Lambert law; fundamental concepts of rotational, vibrational, electronic and magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Solutions and Colligative Properties Dilute solutions; lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s and Henry’s Laws and their applications. Thermodynamic derivation using chemical potential to derive relations between the four colligative properties: (i) relative lowering of vapour pressure, (ii) elevation of boiling point, (iii) Depression of freezing point, (iv) osmotic pressure and amount of solute.

Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry
Basic Concepts in Organic Chemistry: Electronic effects (resonance, inductive, hyper conjugation) and steric effects and its applications (acid/base property).

Stereochemistry-I: Optical isomerism in compounds with and without any stereocenters (allenes, biphenyls).

Stereochemistry-II: Conformation of acyclic systems (substituted ethane/n-propane/n-butane) and cyclic systems (mono- and di-substituted cyclohexanes).

Reaction Intermediates: Chemistry of reactive intermediates (carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, nitrenes, benzynes etc).

Organic Reaction Mechanism and Synthetic Applications-I: Simmons-Smith reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Michael reaction, Darzens reaction, Wittig reaction and McMurry reaction; Baeyer-Villeger reaction; oxidation and reduction reactions in organic chemistry; Diels-Alder, electrocyclic and sigmatropic reactions; functional group inter-conversions and structural problems using chemical reactions.

Organic Reaction Mechanism and Synthetic Applications-II: Hofmann-Curtius-Lossen rearrangement, Wolff rearrangement, Pinacol-pinacolone, Favorskii, benzilic acid rearrangement, dienone-phenol rearrangement.

Reagents in Organic Synthesis: Organometallic reagents in organic synthesis (Grignard, organolithium and organocopper).

Qualitative Organic Analysis: Identification of functional groups by chemical tests; elementary UV, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques as tools for structural elucidation.

Natural Products Chemistry: Classification, Chemistry and applications of alkaloids, steroids, terpenes and terpenoids.

Chemistry of Carbohydrates: occurrence, classification and their biological importance, monosaccharides - constitution and absolute configuration of glucose and fructose, epimers and anomers, mutarotation, determination of ring size of glucose and fructose, Haworth projections and conformational structures, interconversions of aldoses and ketoses, disaccharides (maltose, lactose and sucrose).

Chemistry of Amino Acids, Protein and Enzymes: amino acids, peptides and their classification, alpha amino acids - synthesis, ionic properties and reactions, zwitterions, pKa values, isoelectric point, protein denaturation/renaturation. Enzymes: classification and characteristics of enzymes, salient features of active site of enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action, coenzymes and their role in biological reactions,

Aromatic Chemistry: Monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: synthesis, reactivity and properties.

Heterocyclic Chemistry: Monocyclic compounds with one hetero atom: synthesis, reactivity and properties.

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodic Table: Periodic classification of elements and periodicity in properties; general methods of isolation and purification of elements.

Chemical Bonding: Types of bonding; VSEPR theory and shapes of molecules; hybridization; dipole moment.

Acids and bases: Brönsted-Lowry concept of acid-base reactions, solvated proton, relative strength of acids, types of acid-base reactions, Lewis acid-base concept, hard and soft acids and bases, application of HSAB principle. Non-aqueous solvents.

Ionic Solids: Ionic solids; structure of NaCl, CsCl, diamond and graphite; lattice energy.

Main Group Elements (s and p blocks): General concepts on group relationships and gradation in properties; structure of electron deficient compounds involving main group elements.

Transition Metals (d block): Characteristics of 3d elements; oxide, hydroxide and salts of first row metals; coordination complexes: structure, isomerism, reaction mechanism and electronic spectra.

Bonding theories of Coordination complexes: VBT, MOT and Crystal Field theoretical approaches for structure, colour and magnetic properties of metal complexes.

Organometallic chemistry: Organometallic compounds having ligands with back bonding capabilities such as metal carbonyls, carbenes, nitrosyls and metallocenes; homogenous catalysis.

Bioinorganic Chemistry: Essentials and trace elements of life; basic reactions in the biological systems and the role of metal ions, especially Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺, Structure and function of haemoglobin and myoglobin and carbonic anhydrase.

Instrumental Methods of Analysis-I: Basic principles; instrumentations and simple applications of conductometry, potentiometry and UV-vis spectrophotometry.

Instrumental Methods of Analysis-II: Analysis of water, air and soil samples.

Analytical Chemistry-I: Principles of qualitative and quantitative analysis; acid-base, oxidation-reduction and complexometric titrations using EDTA.

Analytical Chemistry-II: Precipitation reactions; use of indicators; use of organic reagents in inorganic analysis.

Section 1
Basic concepts of chemistry: Strength of solution, molarity and molality, normality, mole fraction and parts per million

Section 2
Water, Acids and Bases : Theories of acids and bases, water homeostasis, buffer solutions, choice of indicators for acid-base titration

Section 3
Carbohydrates: Introduction and classification of carbohydrates, digestion of the carbohydrates, biological significance, important properties of carbohydrates

Section 4
Lipids: Introduction and classification, properties of fat; lipoproteins; steroids and triglycerides

Section 5
Proteins: Introduction to amino acids, classification of proteins, structure of proteins; properties of proteins

Section 6
Enzymes: Introduction and classification; factors affecting enzyme action; enzyme inhibition; iso-enzymes

Section 7
Nucleic acids: Introduction and classification; DNA and RNA; Watson and Crick Model; types of DNA

Section 8
Vitamins and Co-enzymes: Introduction and classification, water soluble vitamins; fat soluble vitamins, coenzymes and cofactor

Section 9
Hormones: Introduction and classification; mechanism of action and secondary messenger; amino acid and peptide hormones; steroid hormones

Section 10
Immunology: Innate and adaptive immunity; cellular and humoral immunity; antigen and antibody interaction; antigen processing and presentation

Section 1
Introduction to general microbiology: Introduction; history of microbiology, Relationship of microbes to human, Normal micro flora of human

Section 2
Microscopy: Introduction, principle and application of light microscope, Fluorescent microscope; Phase contrast microscope; Electron microscope

Section 3
Sterilization: Introduction and its types; principle, procedure and application of each types of sterilization; various efficiency testing to sterilizers and sterilization procedures

Section 4
Antiseptics and disinfectants: Introduction and classification; mode of action; application of various disinfectants and the precautions during disinfectants use

Section 5
Classification of microbes: Prokaryotes and eukaryotes; general characteristics; classification and clinical significance of bacteria, fungi, virus and parasite

Section 6
Morphological classification of bacteria: General features and classification of bacteria, bacterial cell structures, Gram's staining and its applications

Section 7
Growth and nutrition of microbes: Classification of microorganisms on the basis of nutrition, general growth requirements of the bacteria, physical conditions required for growth, growth curve of bacteria,

Section 8
Culture media: Introduction and classification of culture media, composition, principle and applications of each type of culture media, aerobic culture methods, anaerobic culture methods

Section 9
Antibiotics susceptibility testing : Introduction, principle, modes of action and its applications, MIC, MBC and strokes methods, Kirby Bauer method, gradient susceptibility testing such as MIC by E-test

Section 10
Immunology: Innate and adaptive immunity; cellular and humoral immunity; antigen and antibody interaction; antigen processing and presentation

Database Fundamentals, DDL Commands, DML Commands, DCL Commands, Views, Various Keys, Constraints, Database functional dependencies, Normalisation, Inbuilt Functions, Joins, SQL operators:- (Arithmetic, comparison, logical, between, in, like, is null), sql clauses:- (where, group by, having, order by), Sub queries, Nested Queries, Transaction Concepts:- (Transaction basics, Transaction states, COMMIT , ROLLBACK , SAVEPOINT , ACID Properties), Database Transactions & Concurrency, PL/SQL Concepts:- (Functions, Stored Procedure, Cursors, Triggers).

Programming:

C Programming: control structures, functions, parameter passing mechanisms, recursion, pointers, structures and unions, file handling. Object-Oriented Programming using C++: classes and objects, abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism and inheritance. Data Structures: arrays. Linked Lists, stacks, queues, trees, binary trees, binary search trees, AVL trees, B Tree, B+ Tree, B* Tree, heap: min heap and max heap, graphs: adjacency matrix and linked adjacency chains, breadth first search and depth first search traversals, topological sort, and shortest path problem, hashing: hash functions, collision resolution: open addressing, separate chaining, searching and sorting: linear search and binary search, bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort, quick sort and merge sort.

System Architecture:

Number conversions, Memory Hierarchy & Types of Memory (RAM, ROM, Cache), Microprocessor architecture, Register, ALU, RISC/CISC, Hardware Knowledge.
Networks: Basic Networking Concepts (LAN, MAN, WAN, Internet, Intranet), MAC Address, IP Address & Basic Ports/Protocols, OSI, TCP/IP, Transmission media, Networking devices, IPv4/IPv6, Error detection and correction."

Software Engineering:

Software Process Models: Software Process, Generic Process Model – Framework Activity, Task Set and Process Patterns; Process Lifecycle, Prescriptive Process Models, Project Management, Component Based Development, Aspect-Oriented Software Development, Formal Methods, Agile Process Models – Extreme Programming (XP), Adptive Software Development, Scrum, Dynamic System Development Model, Feature Driven Development, Crystal, Web Engineering.

Software Requirements:

Functional and Non-Functional Requirements; Eliciting Requirements, Developing Use Cases, Requirement Analysis and Modelling; Requirements Review, Software Requirement and Specification (SRS) Document.

Software Design:

Abstraction, Architecture, Patterns, Separation of Concerns, Modularity, Information Hiding, Functional Independence, Cohesion and Coupling; Object-Oriented Design, Data Design, Architectural Design, User Interface Design, Component Level Design.

Software Quality:

McCall’s Quality Factors, ISO 9126 Quality Factors, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Risk Management, Risk Mitigation, Monitoring and Management (RMMM); Software Reliability.

Estimation and Scheduling of Software Projects:

Software Sizing, LOC and FP based Estimations; Estimating Cost and Effort; Estimation Models, Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO), Project Scheduling and Staffing; Time-line Charts.

Software Testing:

Verification and Validation; Error, Fault, Bug and Failure; Unit and Integration Tesing; White-box and Black-box Testing; Basis Path Testing, Control Structure Testing, Deriving Test Cases, Alpha and Beta Testing; Regression Testing, Performance Testing, Stress Testing.

Software Configuration Management:

Change Control and Version Control; Software Reuse, Software Re-engineering, Reverse Engineering."

Databases: Keys, Normalization, SQL Basic commands and basics of backup and recovery.

Programming: Basics of C-Language, Basics of OOPS, Arrays, Stacks, Pointers, Inorder, Preorder, Postorder, Binary Trees, Linked Lists, Searching and sorting.

System Architecture: Number conversions, Microprocessor architecture, Register, ALU, RISC/CISC, Hardware Knowledge.

Software Engineering: Basics of OS, Basics of UML, Prototyping, Deadlocks, RAD Model, SDLC, Complexity, Testing and Maintenance.

Networks: OSI, TCP/IP, Networking devices, IPv4/IPv6, Error detection and correction.

Unit	Broad Topic	Subtopic
1	Cell and Cell organelles	Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell, plasma membrane, cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids, vacuoles, chloroplast, structure & function of cytoskeleton and its role in motility
2	Cellular Processes	Operon, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, unique and repetitive DNA, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons, mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, and control of cell cycle; DNA replication, transcription and translation
3	Reproductive Physiology	Spermatogenesis and its hormonal regulation, formation of semen, fertility standards, ultrastructure of sperm, sperm maturation. Ovary – Structure, folliculogenesis, ovulation, corpus luteum, atresia, menstrual cycle
4	Embryonic Development	Fertilization, first week of development, second week of development, third week of development, fourth week of development, fifth through eighth week of development, fetal period, embryonic development in each trimester of pregnancy, placenta and amniotic fluid, labor
5	Reproductive disorder and Diagnostic Analysis	Sexual differentiation and developmental abnormalities in male & female, menstrual disorders – Precocious, delayed or absent puberty, fertility disorders – sexual dysfunction, infertility
6	Assisted Reproductive Techniques	Ovulation induction, oocyte retrieval, in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization (IVF), gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT), Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation of gametes & embryos

Grammar: Parts of speech – Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Verb, Preposition, Conjunction Interjection; Tenses – Present, Past and Future Tense in Active and Passive Form; Modal Verbs – Can, Could, May, might, Should, Will, would, punctuation, independent and dependent clauses, sentence and its types, determiners

Associative Language Skills: Vocabulary – Antonyms, Synonyms, Homonyms, Homographs, one-word substitution, Word Analogies, Idioms and Phrases.

Common Errors: Sentence Correction and Error Finding Exercises.

Comprehension Passages: Closed and Open paragraphs, identifying key ideas or theme.

• Structure and composition of earth: Atmosphere: structure and temperature profile, Hydrosphere: solid liquid and gaseous water, Lithosphere: earth composition and processes.
• Earth processes: Structure and composition of earth crusts, physical properties of important minerals and rocks, formation of soil: weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition) energy balance of the earth.
• Atmospheric chemistry: Structure and chemical composition of the atmosphere, Atmospheric turbulence, lapse rate and stability, scale height, Dispersion of pollutants, greenhouse gases and global warming.
• Water chemistry: Properties of water, hydrological cycle, sources of water: groundwater and surface water resources, water balance, water pollution and management.
• Geochemistry: Atomic Structure and properties of elements, abundance, distribution, and chemical elements and their isotope in earth, the Periodic Table; ionic substitution in minerals, redox reactions,  thermodynamics, sedimentary environments
• Cell structure and functions: Cell biology and cell totipotency.
• Bio-geochemical cycles (carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle, sulphur cycle and hydrological cycle)
• Theories of evolution: Evolution of lithosphere, genetic drift, homologous and analogous organs, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere, life in Precambrian era.
• Genetics (Structure of DNA, principles of inheritance, epistasis, genetic drift, speciation, mutation and gene repair mechanism)
• Plant systematics: Modern system of plant classification, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, photosynthesis and plant physiology.
• Animal systematics: Taxonomy and phylogenetic relationship and representation, classification of animals.
• Anatomy and physiology of human: Gross and microscopic anatomy, respiration, circulation, digestion and excretion process, biochemical cascades and cycles, ATP generation.
• Biosphere and its organizational levels: Biomes, types of biome, ecosystem characteristics, communities of species, population count
• Structure and types of ecosystem: Basic structure and function of ecosystem, types of ecosystems: aquatic and terrestrial, characteristic features of an ecosystem.
• Food chain and energy flow: Types of food chains, importance, food webs, energy transfer through trophic levels, energy balance and energy loss, energy law.
• Population and community ecosystem: Population structure, growth and death rates, alpha, beta and gamma diversity, reproduction and method to control population, carrying capacity.
• Biodiversity: Importance, levels of biodiversity, concept of endangered, threaten vulnerable, rare and endemic species, trade and threat to biodiversity and protection.
• Conservation: Environmental conservation, in-situ: protected area’s, biosphere reserves, ex-situ: botanical garden, zoological parks, seed and gene bank.
• Principles of microbiology: Microbes, micro-organisms in air, water, soil: importance and threat, microbes in sewage treatment, applications in industry and environment.
• Protein structure: Primary, secondary, tertiary and quarterly structure of proteins, roles in metabolism and growth.
• Pathogenic Organisms: Major classes of bacterial and viral pathogens and diseases caused by them.
• Structure of DNA and chromosome: DNA, double helix structure, orientation and sites for nucleiotides.
• DNA replication, transcription, translation: Steps of DNA replication, editing and proof reading, synthesis of proteins.
• Mutation: Levels of mutation: genetic and chemical mutation, types: deletion, insertion, multiplication, base pair substitution and frame shift mutation.
• Recombinant DNA technology: Genetic recombination, recombinant DNA organism, role of recombinant DNA technology in pharmacology, agriculture and environment protection.
• Application of biotechnology in medicine, industry, agriculture and environment
• Natural resources: Classification on basis of origin, exhaustibility, benefits to mankind, conservation and sustainable use
• Energy recovery: Identification, segregation, of energy giving materials, extraction of energy from waste.
• Air pollution: sources of pollution, gaseous pollution, particulate matter, micro-organisms, and pollution control devices, standards for gaseous and particulate matter in air, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
• Water pollution: Sources of pollution: point and non-point, eutrophication, bio-chemical oxygen demand, effect of pollution on water parameters, monitoring, prevention and control of water pollution, water (prevention and control of pollution) act, 1974.
• Soil pollution: Sources, loading of industrial waste, effect on soil fertility and properties, prevention of soil pollution.
• Noise pollution: Sources, noise levels, effect on physiology and behaviour of organisms, monitoring, standards for commercial, residential and industrial area’s, regulations.
• Solid waste management: Sources, collection, segregation, transportation and conversion process, landfill sites and maintenance.
• Ozone layer depletion: Ozone concentration in atmosphere, formation and breakdown, effect of chlorine and fluorine on ozone molecule, significance of ozone and effects of depletion.
• Global warming and climate change: Concentration of green house gases, increase in earth temperature, effects on seasons and weather pattern, climate change and its consequences.
• Acid rain and smog:  pH, acidity and dissolved matter in rain water, primary and secondary pollutants, smog formation: sources and chemical reactions, effect on human structure and agriculture.
• Sustainable development: Concept of sustainability, need, sustainable development: savage to environment deterioration.
• Environmental Acts: Environment Protection Act, 1986, importance and role in environmental protection.
• Environmental Impact Assessment: Concept of EIA, formulation and need, role of EIA in assessing environmental effects of development, mitigation and regulation via EIA.
• Society and environment: Interaction between components of environment, role and responsibilities of individual in conservation of environment, environmental balance.

Unit 1: Forensic Science-definition, ethics in forensic science, scope, History and development of forensic science:  world and India

Unit 2: Laws and Principles of Forensic Science: Law of Exchange, Law of Individuality, Law of Comparison, Law of Progressive Changes and Law of Probability, Branches of Forensic Science.

Unit 3: Forensic science labs - Status and set-up of forensic science in India, divisions and their function, Laboratory information management system, roles and responsibilities of forensic scientist

Unit 4: Crime science management - Nature and search methods, securing and processing of crime scene, sketching, photography, survey, Collection and packaging of evidences, chain of custody

Unit 5: Evidences- types and levels of evidences, transfer and persistence, forensic significance, Frye’s and Daubert’s rules, admissibility of forensic evidence in court

Unit 6: Criminology- types and casues of crimes, their forensic evaluations, theories of crime and investigations. Victimology and its relation to forensic science

Unit 7: Criminal investigations - Unnatural deaths, Criminal assaults, Sexual offences, Poisoning, Vehicular accidents, Taphonomy and its effect on forensic investigations

Unit 8: Medico-legal aspects of forensic medicine- definitions and basics: asphyxia, rigor mortis, algor mortis, mummification, Time Since Death: Immediate changes, Livor, Rigor and Algor mortis, cadaveric spasm, cold stiffening and heat stiffening. Putrefaction, mummification, adipocere and maceration, post-mortem artifacts.

Unit 9: Courts and laws- types of courts and jurisdictions, functioning, mens rea; CrPC 1973 and Indian Evidence Act pertaining to evidences, judicial organization; offences against persons, property etc., Right of Equality (Articles 14 to 18) and Right of Freedom (Articles 19 to 22) as per Constitution of India

Unit 10: Forensic expert -Procedures and rules in court, pre-court preparation, testimonies- expert and witness; prosecution and defence counsels, expert’s role; cross examination, court appearances; report format for laboratory finding presentation in courts

Unit 11: Instrumental technique: basics, importance and applications. Microscopy, Electrophoresis: High and Low voltage electrophoresis, Immuno-electrophoresis, Immunoassays

Unit 12: Analytical methods: Spectroscopy and spectrometry, Chromatography: TLC, GC, HPLC, HPTLC

Unit 13: Miscellaneous techniques: X-rays, XRF, XRD, Neutron Activation Analysis

Unit 14: Impressions - types, nature, significance of tool marks, tyre marks, their collection, preservation, analysis, different comparison techniques

Unit 15: Dermatoglyphics -types and importance, fingerprints as evidence, basis for the science of fingerprints, Visible Fingermarks, Latent Fingermarks and their development methods

Unit 16: Forensic psychology - nature and need, techniques and methods, Polygraph, Narco-analysis, Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature (BEOS), importance in forensic science

Unit 17: Bloodstain spatter analysis: terminologies, pattern types and importance, reconstruction, Droplet Directionality from bloodstain patterns, Determination of Point of Convergence and Point of Origin, Impact spatter and mechanisms, Importance and Legal aspects of BPA.

Unit 18: Forensic anthropology: importance, identification of human skeletal remains, collection and preservation of remain, laboratory analysis of remains, age estimation, sex determination, stature estimation, ancestry determination, facial reconstruction, disaster victim identification

Unit 19: Questioned document examination: General Characteristics, Individual Characteristics, Development of Individuality in Handwriting Comparison of Handwriting: Natural Variations, Fundamental Divergences. Forgery and its types and characteristics, identification and examination of forgeries.

Unit 20: Fundamental of forensic ballistics: Definition and scope, Types of evidences associated, History and mechanism of Muzzleloaders (Match lock, Wheel lock, Flint lock firearms), Briefs of Pinfire, Rimfire and Centrefire systems of firearms, Introduction to Shotgun, Revolver, Pistol, Rifle and Country Made/ Improvised Firearms. Proof Marks of Weapons.

Unit 21: Forensic quality management system: Need of maintaining quality of Forensic laboratories, Definition of Accreditation, Benefits of Accreditation, National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL), International Laboratory Accreditation Co-operation (ILAC), Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Co-operation (APLAC). American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLD), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).

Unit 22: Fire & Arson: Light and Flame, Chemistry of Fire, Combustion reaction, Fire Triangle, Fire Tetrahedron; Accelerants & types of accelerants, Combustible and Flammable liquids, Flash point, Fire point, Ignition point, Forensic and legal Concepts, determining origin and cause; Fire patterns, Collection/Preservation of Arson Evidences, Flashover, Backdraught, Live or dead at time of arson; Documenting the fire or crime scene.

Unit 23: Explosives: Definition of Explosives, History of Explosives, Deflagration and Detonation phenomenon (Redox Chemistry, Kinetics- Molecular Theory of gases & Gas Laws), Characteristics of high and low explosives, Dust explosion, Gas/vapour explosion, BLEVE, Effect of blast wave on structures & human and Pyrotechnics.

Unit 24: Improvised Explosive Device: Definition of IED, Components of IED, Explosives Initiation (Explosive Trains); Types (Molotov cocktail, Letter bomb, Pipe bomb, VBIED and CBRN), Detection of Hidden Explosives, Specific approach to scene of explosion, Reconstruction of sequence of events, Pre-blast and Post blast residue collection, Systematic examination of explosives and explosion residues in the laboratory using chemical and instrumental techniques and interpretation of
results.

Unit 25: Liquors (Alcoholic beverages): Definition, classification of liquors based on origin (Indian Made Foreign Liquors, Country Made Liquors and Illicit Liquors), Fermented and Distilled methods (Pot Still and Continuous Still), Characteristics of Beer, wines and Whisky, Congeners in alcoholic beverages, Laws and penalties as per Excise/ Act, laboratory methods of determination alcoholic strength, Forensic analysis of distilled and fermented liquors including illicit liquors.

Unit 26: Toxicology: types of poisons (systemic and non-systemic), Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion of poisons, antemortem and post-mortem symptoms, sample collection, preservation, chemical and analytical examinations

Unit 27: Drugs of abuse Depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens: their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, forensic importance, collection, preservation and analysis- chemical and instrumental; designer drugs

Unit 28: Trace evidences: Glass- physical properties, forensic significance, physical, chemical and instrumental examinations, glass fractures, reconstruction; comparison; Paints- forensic significance, physical, chemical and instrumental examinations, comparative techniques; Soil- collection, preservation, physical and chemical analysis, forensic significance.

Unit 29: Blood: Composition and functions, Human Blood groups: General Principles, theory of their inheritance, Blood group determination from fresh blood, titer, rauleaux formation and Bombay blood group.

Unit 30: Forensic Characterization of Blood: Collection, preservation and analysis. Chemistry and properties, Presumptive and Confirmatory tests, Individualization (Blood Grouping, Polymorphic enzyme typing)

Unit 31: Forensic Characterization of Semen: Formation, Composition, Morphology of spermatozoa, forensic significance, Presumptive and Confirmatory tests (including Azoospermic semen stains) Individualization (Blood Grouping, seminal fluid isozymes typing, forensic significance, Collection and analysis of evidences in Rape cases.

Unit 32: Body fluids: Forensic significance of other body fluids as Saliva, Sweat and fecal matters, their collection, preservation, analysis and identification.

Unit 33:  Biological fluids: Blood grouping from stains of various body fluids by Absorption-inhibition, Absorption-elution and mixed agglutination techniques, determination of secretor/non-secretor status.

Unit 34: Serological Techniques: Primary binding assays (ELISA, Immunochromatographic assays), Secondary binding assays (Precipitation based assays- Immunodiffusion and electrophoretic methods for species Identification, Agglutination based assays-Direct agglutination assay, Passive agglutination assay)

Unit 35: DNA Profiling: Introduction, History of DNA Typing, molecular biology of DNA, variations, polymorphism, DNA Extraction-Organic and Inorganic extraction, Comparison of Extraction methods, Commercial kits, Comparison of DNA with an individual, siblings and relatives

Unit 36: Advanced DNA analysis: DNA typing systems- RFLP analysis, PCR amplifications, sequence polymorphism. Analysis of SNP, YSTR, Mitochondrial DNA, Ancient DNA typing, Evaluation of results

Unit 37: Wild Life Forensics: Introduction, importance, protected and endangered species of Animals and Plants, Identification of wild life materials such as skin, bones, nails, horn, teeth, flowers and plants, by conventional and modern methods, Identification of Pug marks of various animals.

Unit 38: Botanical evidences: Introduction, types, location, collection evaluation and forensic significance, Wood: Type of wood and their identification and comparison, Pollens: Structure, function, methods of identification and comparison.

Unit 39: Forensic Hair characterization: Morphology and types, their importance, nature, location, collection, evaluation and tests for their identification: Species of origin, variation in different major population groups, somatic origin. Methods of Individualization: Blood grouping, enzyme typing and DNA typing.

Unit 40: Basics of statistics: Mean, median, mode, probability; Forensic applications of statistics and their implications in interpretation of results.

Sequences and Series of Real Numbers:
Sequence of real numbers, Convergence of sequences, Bounded and monotone sequences, Convergence criteria for sequences of real numbers, Cauchy sequences, Subsequences, Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem. Series of real numbers, Absolute convergence, Tests of convergence for series of positive terms – comparison test, ratio test, root test, Leibniz test for convergence of alternating series.

Functions of One Real Variable:
Limit, Continuity, Intermediate value property, Differentiation, Rolle’s Theorem, Mean value theorem, L'Hospital rule, Taylor ' s theorem, Maxima and minima.

Functions of Two or Three Real Variables:
Limit, Continuity, Partial derivatives, Differentiability, Maxima and minima.

Integral Calculus:
Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, Definite integrals and their properties, Fundamental theorem of calculus. Double and triple integrals, Change of order of integration, Calculating surface areas and volumes using double integrals, Calculating volumes using triple integrals.

Differential Equations:
Ordinary differential equations of the first order of the form y ' =f(x,y), Bernoulli 's equation, Exact differential equations, Integrating factor, Orthogonal trajectories, Homogeneous differential equations, Variable separable equations, Linear Differential equations of second order with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy-Euler equation.

Vector Calculus:
Scalar and vector fields, Gradient, Divergence, Curl, Line integrals, Surface integrals, Green, Stokes and Gauss theorems.

Group Theory:
Groups, Subgroups, Abelian groups, Non-Abelian groups, Cyclic groups, Permutation groups, Normal subgroups, Lagrange 's Theorem for finite groups, Group homomorphisms and basic concepts of quotient groups.

Linear Algebra:
Finite dimensional vector spaces, Linear independence of vectors, Basis, dimension, Linear transformations, Matrix representation, Range space, Null space, Rank-nullity theorem. Rank and inverse of a matrix, Determinant, Solutions of systems of linear equations, Consistency conditions, Eigen values and Eigen vectors for matrices, Cayley-Hamilton theorem.

Real Analysis:
Interior points, Limit points, Open sets, Closed sets, Bounded sets, Connected sets, Compact sets, Completeness of R. Power series (of real variable), Taylor’s series, Radius and interval of convergence, Term-wise differentiation and integration of power series.

General microbiology: History of Development of Microbiology, Equipment’s to measure, microorganism, smear, Autoclave, Pasteurization, culture, prokaryotic cell, biosynthesis, enzymes, growth; Microbial genetics, Industrial microbiology: Fermentation, By-products, Thermo-resistant bacteria, , Antibiotic producing organisms,; Food microbiology: aflatoxins, health benefits and microorganisms, foodborne pathogens, Germ Theory, epidemiology, infectious cycle, zoonotic, control measures to break infection; Immunology: phagocytosis, , Antibody, Advanced Microbiology: Agriculture Microbiology, Environment Microbiology, Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology.

Mathematical Methods: Calculus of single and multiple variables, partial derivatives, Jacobian, imperfect and perfect differentials, Taylor expansion, Fourier series. Vector algebra, Vector Calculus, Multiple integrals, Divergence theorem, Green’s theorem, Stokes’ theorem. First order equations and linear second order differential equations with constant coefficients. Matrices and determinants, Algebra of complex numbers.

Mechanics and General Properties of Matter: Newton’s laws of motion and applications, Velocity and acceleration in Cartesian, polar and cylindrical coordinate systems, uniformly rotating frame, centrifugal and Coriolis forces, Motion under a central force, Kepler’s laws, Gravitational Law and field, Conservative and non-conservative forces. System of particles, Center of mass, equation of motion of the CM, conservation of linear and angular momentum, conservation of energy, variable mass systems. Elastic and inelastic collisions. Rigid body motion, fixed axis rotations, rotation and translation, moments of Inertia and products of Inertia, parallel and perpendicular axes theorem. Principal moments and axes. Kinematics of moving fluids, equation of continuity, Euler’s equation, Bernoulli’s theorem.

Oscillations, Waves and Optics: Differential equation for simple harmonic oscillator and its general solution. Super position of two or more simple harmonic oscillators. Lissajous figures. Damped and forced oscillators, resonance. Wave equation, traveling and standing waves in one-dimension. Energy density and energy transmission in waves. Group velocity and phase velocity. Sound waves in media. Doppler Effect. Fermat’s Principle. General theory of image formation. Thick lens, thin lens and lens combinations. Interference of light, optical path retardation. Fraunhofer diffraction. Rayleigh criterion and resolving power. Diffraction gratings. Polarization: linear, circular and elliptic polarization. Double refraction and optical rotation.

Electricity and Magnetism: Coulomb’s law, Gauss’s law. Electric field and potential. Electrostatic boundary conditions, Solution of Laplace’s equation for simple cases. Conductors, capacitors, dielectrics, dielectric polarization, volume and surface charges, electrostatic energy. Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law, Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents. Simple DC and AC circuits with R, L and C components. Displacement current, Maxwell’s equations and plane electromagnetic waves, Poynting’s theorem, reflection and refraction at a dielectric interface, transmission and reflection coefficients (normal incidence only). Lorentz Force and motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields.

Kinetic theory, Thermodynamics: Elements of Kinetic theory of gases. Velocity distribution and Equipartition of energy. Specific heat of Mono-, di- and tri-atomic gases. Ideal gas, van-der-Waals gas and equation of state. Mean free path. Laws of thermodynamics. Zeroth law and concept of thermal equilibrium. First law and its consequences. Isothermal and adiabatic processes. Reversible, irreversible and quasi-static processes. Second law and entropy. Carnot cycle. Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations and simple applications. Thermodynamic potentials and their applications. Phase transitions and Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Ideas of ensembles, Maxwell-Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions.

Modern Physics: Inertial frames and Galilean invariance. Postulates of special relativity. Lorentz transformations. Length contraction, time dilation. Relativistic velocity addition theorem, mass energy equivalence. Blackbody radiation, photoelectric effect, Compton effect, Bohr’s atomic model, X-rays. Wave-particle duality, Uncertainty principle, the superposition principle, calculation of expectation values, Schrödinger equation and its solution for one, two and three dimensional boxes. Solution of Schrödinger equation for the one dimensional harmonic oscillator. Reflection and transmission at a step potential, Pauli exclusion principle.

Nuclear and Particle Physics: Structure of atomic nucleus: constituents of nucleus and binding energy, Nuclear Models: Liquid drop model and semi-empirical formula, Shell model and magic numbers, Radioactivity: radioactive decay, laws of radioactive decay, half-life, decay constant, alpha, beta and gamma emission, Nuclear reactions, fission, fusion, Interaction of radiations with matters: Bethe- Block formula, Particle accelerators and detectors, cosmic rays, properties and classification of particles, conservation laws, quark models.

Solid State Physics, Devices and Electronics: Crystal structure, Bravais lattices and basis. Miller indices. X-ray diffraction and Bragg’s law; Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, variation of resistivity with temperature. Fermi level. p-n junction diode, I-V characteristics, Zener diode and its applications, BJT: characteristics in CB, CE, CC modes. Single stage amplifier, two stage R-C coupled amplifiers. Simple Oscillators: Barkhausen condition, sinusoidal oscillators. OPAMP and applications: Inverting and non-inverting amplifier. Boolean algebra: Binary number systems; conversion from one system to another system; binary addition and subtraction. Logic Gates AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR exclusive OR; Truth tables; combination of gates; de Morgan’s theorem.

Anatomy: Upper limb –muscles ,bones and joints ,Lower limb –muscles ,bones and joints, Head and Neck, Central nervous system, Thorax –Lungs and Heart, Abdomen.

Physiology: Functions of endocrine glands, Cardiovascular system, Respiratory system, Nervous system, Blood and its functions, Musculoskeletal system, Immunity.

Exercise Therapy: Active exercises, Passive exercises, Resisted exercises, Starting positions and derived positions, Suspension therapy.

Electrotherapy: Hydrotherapy, Short wave diathermy, Ultrasound therapy, Transcutaneous electric stimulation, Electric muscular stimulation, Microwave diathermy , LASER, Ultraviolet rays, Compression therapy.

Biomechanics: Structure of shoulder,elbow and wrist joint,Structure of Hip joint, Structure and function of Tibiofemoral joint, Structure and function of Patellofemoral joint, Joints of Ankle and foot complex, Plantar arches and muscles of ankle and foot, Kinetics and Kinematics of Posture, Analysis of Postures, Abnormal Gaits.

Clinical Neurology: Structure and Function of Brain and Spinal Cord ,Blood Supply of Brain and Spinal Cord , Disorders of CNS , Disorders of PNS, Tumors of Brain and spinal cord, Head Injury, Stroke, Parkinsonism, Multiple Sclerosis, MND,Poliomyelitis, Cervical and Lumbar Disc Lesions, Myopathies , Infections of Brain and Spinal Cord .

Clinical Orthopedics: Classification of fractures, Fracture healing, Treatment of fractures, Splints & tractions, Treatment and complications of fracture, Dislocations and subluxation, Tennis elbow, Golfer’s elbow, Ganglion, Carpal tunnel syndrome, Trigger finger, Torticollis, cervical rib, Rheumatoid arthritis, Gout and pseudogout ,Osteoarthritis, Cervical spondylosis, Classification of amputation, Levels of amputation, Complications of Amputations, Rickets, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Dupuytren’s contracture, Frozen shoulder, De-quervains disease, Meralgia paraesthetica, Injuries around Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, Hand, Pelvis, Hip, Knee, Ankle, Foot,Spine, Congenital abnormalities.

Clinical Cardio respiratory: Basic anatomy of heart and blood vessels, Basic physiology of cardiovascular system, Investigations in cardiology, Cardiac Medications, Ischemic Heart Diseases, Cardiomyopathies, Dilated Cardiomyopathies Conduction abnormalities of heart, Congenital Heart Diseases,Cardiac Surgeries, Peripheral Arterial Diseases, Lymphatic Diseases,Venous Diseases,Intensive Cardiac Care.

Community Based Rehabilitation: Introduction to rehabilitation medicine : Conceptual framework of rehabilitation, Roles of rehabilitation team members, Definitions and various models of rehabilitation, Community based rehabilitation, Preventive rehabilitation, Activities of daily living : Definition of ADL, Scope & importance of ADLs, Wheel chair activities, Teaching training of bed activities, Training of locomotor activites, Teaching training of self care activities Sociolegal aspects of rehabilitation : Statutory provisions, Schemes of assistance to persons with disability Vocational Rehabilitation : Prehension, Disabled hand, Vocational rehabilitation team, Principles in the management of vocational problems, Principles of U.L. Prosthetics and Orthotics, Principles of L.L. Prosthetics and Orthotics, Spinal orthosis.

Pediatrics and Geriatrics: Normal Developmental milestones of infant, Primitive reflexes, Congenital Disorders of infants, Orthopeadic, Neurological, Cardio pulmonary, Psychiatric and behavioural disorders of paediatrics, Normal response to ageing, Degenerative disorders of Geriatric Population, Cardiological, pulmonary, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders of geriatric population, Falls and Falls prevention.

Obstetrics And Gynaecology: Physiology of pregnancy, The breast, Urinary tract and anorectal region, Complications of pregnancy, The antenatal period Post natal problems, Common gynecological conditions: Salpingitis, Uterine fibroids, Amenorrhea, Dysmennorhea, Premenstrual syndrome, Menorrhagia, Endometriosis, Incontinence of urine, Lower urinary tract dysfunction, Urinary dysfunction: Incontinence of urine, Lower urinary tract dysfunction.

Physiotherapy in orthopaedic Conditions: Assistive devices , Approach to patient with trauma,orthopaedic injury, Complications of fractures, Assessment and management of orthopaedic disorders of upper limb,lower limb, Assessment and management of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, Assessment and management of amputation, Assessment and management of osteomylitis, Assessment and management of tuberculosis of bones, Assessment and management of Caries spine, Assessment and management of benign tumour and malignant tumours,Assessment and Management of poliomyelitis, peripheral nerve injuries of upper limb, peripheral nerve injuries of lower limb.

Physiotherapy in Neurologic Conditions: Assessment and Management of Stoke, MS, Parkinson’s, MND,Tumors of Brain and Spinal Cord, Traumatic Head and spine injury, Demyleinating diseases of brain and spinal cord,Degenerative diseases of brain and spinal cord, Peripheral Nerve injuries and disorders, Infectious disorders of brain and spinal cord, cerebellar disorders, ANS dysfunctions, Radiculopathies.
Physiotherapy in Cardiopulmonary Conditions:Objective and subjective assessment of cardiopulmonary patient, Breathing techniques and airway clearance techniques used in cardiopulmonary patient, Rehabilitation of cardiac and pulmonary patient, Cardiopulmonary physiotherapy for musculoskeletal ,neurological disorders, Physiotherapy techniques in intensive care unit, Cardiopulmonary physiotherapy for neonates and pediatric patients, Cardiopulmonary physiotherapy for geriatrics and transplant patients.

Physiotherapy in Sports Medicine: Multidisciplinary approach, Principles of athletic training, Classification of sports injuries, Overuse injuries, Principles of injury prevention, Response of body to exercises, Types of training: Aerobic training, Anaerobic training.
Paediatrics And Geriatrics Physiotherapy: Genetic Disorders, Positioning and handling to enhance the motor function, Neural tube defects, Muscle disorders in paediatrics, Vitamin Deficiency in Paediatrics, Cardiorespiratory in paediatrics, Impaired motor control, Impaired posture and mobility, Evaluation of seriously ill geriatrics, Exercise and physical activity for older adults, Balance and falls, Environmental design for geriatrics, Home health Physical therapy.

Research Methodology and Biostatistics: Foundations of Research: Meaning, Objectives, Motivation, Utility. deductive and inductive theory.

Problem Identification & Formulation – Hypothesis – Qualities of a good Hypothesis –Null Hypothesis & Alternative Hypothesis. Hypothesis Testing – Logic & Importance

Research Design: Concept and Importance in Research – Features of a good research design –
Exploratory Research Design – concept, types and uses, Descriptive Research Designs – concept, types
and uses. Experimental Design: Concept of Independent & Dependent variables.

Qualitative and Quantitative Research: Qualitative research – Quantitative research – Concept of
measurement, causality, generalization, replication.

Measurement: Concept of measurement–  Validity and Reliability. Levels of measurement – Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.

Sampling: Concepts of Statistical Population, Sample, Sampling Frame, Sampling Error, Sample Size,
Non Response. Characteristics of a good sample. Probability Sample – Simple Random Sample,
Systematic Sample, Stratified Random Sample & Multi-stage sampling. Determining size of the sample

Introduction: What is Psychology?, Understanding Mind and Behavior, Development of Psychology in India, Branches of Psychology, Schools of Psychology, Themes of Research and Applications, Psychology and Other Disciplines, Psychology in Everyday Life.

Methods of Psychology: Steps in Conducting Scientific Research, Alternative Paradigms of Research, Some Important Methods in Psychology and Ethical Issues, Research Methods, Statistical Tools Used in Psychology.

Cognitive and Learning Processes: Sensations, Perception, Learning and Applications of Learning Principles, Memory, Forgetting, Thinking, Problem Solving, Thought and Language, Communication.

Motivation, Emotion, and Individual Differences: Motivation, Emotions, Intelligence, Personality, Attitude.

Developmental and Social Psychology: Life Span Development, Social Influence and Group Process, Social Cognition, Self and Personality.

Psychological Disorders and Mental Health: Nature, Types, and Sources of Stress, Therapeutic Approaches, Counseling.

Artificial Intelligence in Psychology: Introduction to AI Applications in Behavioral Research, Use of AI-Based Tools Such as Chatbots in Mental Health Support.

Mathematics

Sequences and Series: Convergence of sequences of real numbers, Comparison, root and ratio tests for convergence of series of real numbers.

Differential Calculus: Limits, continuity and differentiability of functions of one and two variables. Rolle's theorem, mean value theorems, Taylor's theorem, indeterminate forms, maxima and minima of functions of one and two variables.

Integral Calculus: Fundamental theorems of integral calculus, applications of definite integrals, arc lengths, areas and volumes, Double and triple integrals.

Matrices: Rank, inverse of a matrix. Systems of linear equations. Linear transformations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Cayley-Hamilton theorem, symmetric, skew-symmetric and orthogonal matrices.

Statistics

Basic Statistics: Measure of central tendency, dispersion, skewness and kurtosis

Probability: Axiomatic definition of probability and properties, conditional probability, multiplication rule. Theorem of total probability. Bayes’ theorem and independence of events.

Random Variables: Probability mass function, probability density function and cumulative distribution functions, distribution of a function of a random variable. Mathematical expectation, moments and moment generating function.

Standard Distributions: Binomial, Poisson and normal distributions.

Sampling distributions: Chi-square, t and F distributions, and their properties.

Testing of Hypotheses: Basic concepts, Null hypotheses and alternative hypotheses, Type-1 and Type-II error

Ecology: Greenhouse effect, Occurrences of Tropical rain forest, biotype, Ecological pyramid, BOD value in aquatic environment;

Mendelian Genetics: Pair of alleles, Determination of characteristics of pea plants, Non-Mendelian;

Digestive system: salivary secretion and swallowing, control of gastric secretion, gastric motility, pancreatic secretion, the bile;

Respiratory system: airways and alveoli, mechanics of ventilation, ventilation and gas exchange, pulmonary circulation;

Reproductive system: sexual reproduction in man, ovarian cycle, menstrual cycle, hormone;

Cardiac system: conduction system of the heart, ECG, cardiac cycle, arterial blood pressure;

Properties of blood: plasma, properties of red cells, gas carriage by the blood, platelets, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), transport of glucose, excretion of acid by the kidneys, control of water balance by the kidneys;

Central nervous system (CNS): nerve cell, synaptic excitation;

Muscular system: structure of muscle tissue, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle;

Endocrine system: hypothalamic control of pituitary function, functions of the posterior pituitary gland, hormones of the adrenal gland, hormones of the adrenal gland;

Sensory system: sensory receptor properties, receptors in the skin, focusing of the eye, physiology of the eye, vision;

Body physiology: glucose metabolism, absorptive and post-absorptive states of the body, diabetes mellitus, water content;

Developmental biology: fertilized egg , Weismann’s model of development, experiments of Spemann and Mangold , Genes control , development;

Vertebrate development: frog’s life-cycle , notochord, gastrulation in Xenopus, The invertebrates, Aquatic animals , blastula;

Other aspects: sponges , cnidarians-helminthes, annelid, mollusca, Arthropoda, chinodermata, The vertebrates, Animal Diversity, Origin of Life, Vitamins, Proteins, Cell Biology, Enzymes, DNA, Cell Organelles