Syllabus

Grammar: Parts of speech - Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Verb, Preposition, Conjunction Interjection; Tenses - Present, Past and Future Tense in Active and Passive Form; Modal Verbs - Can, Could, May, might, Should, Will, would, punctuation, independent and dependent clauses, sentence and its types, determiners

Associative Language Skills: Vocabulary - Antonyms, Synonyms, Homonyms, Homographs, one-word substitution, Word Analogies, Idioms and Phrases.

Common Errors: Sentence Correction and Error Finding Exercises.

Comprehension Passages: Closed and Open paragraphs, identifying key ideas or theme.

Numbers, Percentage, Profit, Loss & Discount, Ratio & Proportion, Simple & Compound Interest, Permutation& Combination & Probability, Time & Distance, Boats & streams, Races & Games, Time & Work, Pipes & Cistern, Calendar & Clocks, Area, Series completion & Coding - Decoding & Alphabet test, Direction sense test & Blood relations &arrangements, Syllogism, Number, Ranking & Time sequence test, Arithmetical reasoning, Inserting the missing character, Data sufficiency, Cubes and dice, Non-verbal reasoning.

Indian History, Indian Politics, Indian Economy, Financial and Economic News, Budget and National Plans, Who is Who, Sports Events, Books and Authors, Awards & Honours, Science Invention and Discoveries, Abbreviations, Important Days and Weeks, International and National Organizations, Current National and International Affairs.

Attitude, External Awareness, Customer Experience, Communication, Influence, Interpersonal Skills, Stress Management, Adaptability, Accountability, Leadership, Results Oriented, Conflict Resolution, Initiative, Customer Acquisition, Creative Thinking, Professionalism, Change Management.

Visualization and Spatial Ability

Pictorial and diagrammatic questions to test, understanding of transformation and/or manipulation of 2D shapes and 3D objects and their spatial relationships, knowledge of practical and everyday mechanical and scientific concepts.

Observation and Design Sensitivity

Ability to detect concealed properties in ordinary things, people, situations, and events, and thinking critically about them. Applying attention to certain details, analysing, reasoning, classifying, inferring and predicting. Ability to discern subtle differences in visual properties and aesthetic outcomes.

Analytical and Logical Reasoning

Ability to look at information, be it qualitative or quantitative in nature, and discern patterns within the information. Ability to weigh opinions, arguments or solutions against appropriate criteria. Ability to check for hidden bias or hidden assumptions and whether evidence and argument support conclusions. Ability to use logic and structured thinking to deduce from a short passage, which of a number of statements is the most accurate response to a posed question. Data Interpretation, brainteasers, and patterns.

Design Thinking and Problem Solving

Ability to use visual analogies, metaphors, signs and symbols. Ability to understand complexity, identify problems, generate alternatives, evaluate options and select solutions.

Environmental and Social Awareness

General awareness of environmental factors such as climate, population, water, vegetation, pollution, weather, natural resources etc., and their implications on the design of products, images, infrastructure and environment. Awareness of social and cultural connection with design, history of the designed artefact, and socially responsible and environmentally sustainable design responses. History of art, sculpture and literature.

Language and Creativity

Ability to understand and use Standard English. Reading comprehension, knowledge of English grammar. Ability to think creatively in terms of alternatives, ability to distinguish innovative options and think out of the box.

Dravyaguna (Ayurvediya Ausadha Gunadharma Shastra)

Introduction and Classification of Dravyaguna and Dravya, Rasa and its types, Guna and its Classification, Veerya, Vipak, Prabhav, Karma, Nomenclature and Synonyms of Drugs, Varga (Jala, Madhu, Mutra), Combination and Incompatibility of Dravya, Animal origin drugs (Kasturi, Mrigshring, Shankha, Mukta, Sukti, Varatika, Praval), Plant origin drugs (Vatsanabh, Bibhitaki, Lajallu, Ativisha, Amalaki, Shirish, Guduchi, Arka, Daruharidra, Ashoka, Katuki, Ahiphena, Kupillu, Brahmi,Vasa, Ashwagandha, Haritaki, Dhatura, Punarnava, Gokshur, Aragvadha, Bakuchi, Gunja, Kachanar, Mandukparni, Hingu, Tulsi).

Fundamentals of Roga Nidaan Evam Chikitsa

Definition and Classification of diseases, Concept of Nidaan Panchaka, Concept of Samprapti- classification and importance, Concept of Kriya Kaal- classification and importance, Concept of Aama and its importance, Concept of Roga Pariksha (Trividha and Dashvidha), Concept of Srotodushti- characteristics, causes and importance, Concept of Dosha, Dhatu and Mala Dushti- characteristics, causes and importance, Introduction to Janpadodhvansa Vyadhi (Epidemics), Aupsargika roga and Sansargaja roga (infectitious and communicable diseases), Definition of Chikitsa- classification (Daivyavyapashraya etc), Concept of Chikitsa Chatushpada, Chikitsa Upkrama- dwividha and shadvidha, Saptavidha, Vranopkrama, Ashtvidha Shastrakarma, Concept of Panchkarma and its importance, General principles of management of Dosha, Dhatu, Mala and Srotodushti.

Shariram

Definition of Sharir, Shadanga Sharir, Introduction to Pratyangas, Garbhavkranti Shaarir (monthly development of garbha), Structure of cell and its functions, General introduction of Dhatus and Updhatus- their importance and functions, General introduction of Systems of the body, Bones- structure, composition and types, Location, measurement and external features of the viscera of digestive, respiratory, urinary and cardiovascular system, General concept of Indriya- Ayurvedic and Modern view, Concept of Dosha- its classification, characteristics, functions, Description of Deha (Doshaja), Prakriti, importance of Doshas for physiological functions, Nourishment of Dhatus with different Nyayas, Concept of Mala- classification, characteristics, functions and importance, Concept of Agni- classification, importance and role in digestion, Concept of Ojas- classification, functions and importance, Concept of Rakta Dhatu- classification, characteristics and importance.

Swasthvritta

Definition and importance of Swasthvritta, Concept of Swastha Purush, Concept of Dincharya, Ratricharya, Ritucharya, Concept of Dhaaraniya and Adhaaraniya Vega, Concept of Nindit and Anindit Purush, Ahar Vidhi Visheshayatan, Balanced diet – its components ( proteins , carbohydrates , fats , vitamins , minerals etc). Pathya and Apathya, Water – importance, sources, impurities and its purification, Definition of Yoga. , Concept of Yam, Niyam, Asana and Pranayama, Asanas-Shirshaasana, Pawanmuktaasana, Vajraasana, Dhanurasana, Padmasana, Chakrasana, Gomukhasana, Matasyasana, Concept of Shatkarma and Prakritika Chikitsa.

Prathmik Upchar Evam Rogi Paricharya

Meaning of Prathmic Upchar & Rogi Paricharya. Concept of First Aid, Artificial Respiration, Types of Bandaging & Suturing, Different routes of Administration of Injections, Sharp & Blunt Instruments, Concept of Sterilization, Wounds & Fractures: types & treatment.

Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana or Ayurvediya Aushadh Nirman Shastra

Chronological development of Rasa shastra, Bhaishajya kalpana and Rasashala (pharmacy), Paribhasik shabd, Parad (rasa), Maharasa varga, Uprasa varga, Sadharanrasa varga, Sikta varga, Sudha varga, Dhatu varga and Updhatu varga, Ratna varga and Upratna varga, Visopavisa varga, Kshar kalpana, Lavan kalpana, Parpati kalpana, Pottali kalpana, Sindoor kalpana, Basti kalpana, Adharbhoot sidhyanta of Bhaisajya kalpana (basic principle), Nasya kalpana - Netra kalpana - Mukha kalpana, Introduction, definition, preparatory method, dosage and therapeutic indications of the Kalpas - Sneha kalpana, Sandhana kalpana, Arka kalpana, Avaleha kalpana etc.

MICROBIOLOGY

Equipments & Instruments used: Principle, application, care and maintenance of hot air oven, autoclave, laminar air flow, incubator, centrifuge and water bath.

Culture Media: Preparation and use of nutrient agar, nutrient broth, Mac-conkey agar, blood agar and chocolate agar.

Sterilization: Introduction, principle and applications of different types of Sterilization Method.

PATHOLOGY

Blood: Composition, structure and functions of RBC’s, WBC’s, Platelets and their reference values.

Collection of Blood: Capillary blood, venous blood, arterial blood, preparation of serum and plasma.

ABO and Rh Blood Grouping: Preparation of red cell suspension, preparation of pooled cells, Rh blood grouping, forward & reverse grouping by slide and tube method.

Selection and Rejection of Donor: Selection, rejection and screening of donor.

BIOCHEMISTRY

Diagnostic Tests: Estimation of blood urea, creatinine, clearance tests, serum totalproteins, serum bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides.

Enzyme Assay: Principle, procedure, clinical importance and reference values of SGOT, SGPT, ACP and amylase.

Pharmaceutics

History of profession of Pharmacy in India in relation to Pharmacy Education, Industry and Associations, Pharmacy as a career, Pharmacopoeia, Prescription, Posology, Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Capsule, Liquid oral preparations, Topical preparations, Powders and granules, Nasal preparations, Powders and granules, Sterile formulations, Pharmaceutical Aerosols, Immunological products, Quality assurance, Packaging materials, Pharmaceutical aids, Novel drug delivery systems. Social Pharmacy, Health-WHO, National Health Policy, Preventive care, Vaccines and immunizations, Psychosocial Pharmacy, Nutrition and Health, Genetically modified foods, Health Promotion and Health education, Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases, Respiratory infections, Intestinal infections, Arthropod-borne infections, Surface infections, Disaster management, Community Pharmacy Practice, Prescription and prescription handling, Patient counselling, Patient Package Insert, Communication skills, Patient interview techniques, Medication Adherence, Health Screening services, Over The Counter (OTC) medications, Community Pharmacy Management, Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) of Pharmacy management, Hospital Pharmacy, Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, Hospital Formulary, Supply chain & Inventory Control, Drug distribution, Radio Pharmaceuticals, Clinical Pharmacy, Daily activities of Clinical Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical care, Drugs and Poison information services, Clinical laboratory tests, Drugs and Poison information services, Pharmacovigilance, Medication errors, Drug Interactions, Poisoning, Medical and Surgical devices, Pharmacy Act-1948 & Rules, Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945 & New Amendments, Medicinal and Toilet Preparations Act 1955, Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substance Act 1985 and Rules, Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisement) Act 1955, Prevention of cruelty to Animals Act-1960, Poisons Act-1919, Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 and Rules, National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority, Code of Pharmaceutical Ethics.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Introduction to Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sources and types of Errors, Impurities in Pharmaceuticals, Volumetric Analysis, Gravimetric Analysis, Inorganic Pharmaceuticals, Drugs acting on Central Nervous System, Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System, Cholinergic Drugs and related agents, Cholinergic Blocking agents, Drugs acting on Cardiovascular System, Diuretics, Hypoglycemic agents, Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory agents, Anti-infective agents, Antiviral agents, Antimalarials, Urinary Tract Anti-infective agents, Antibiotics, Antifungal agents, Anti-neoplastic agents, Classification of Drugs, Quality control of Crude Drugs, Pharmacognostic of alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, volatile oils, tannins and resins, Biological source, Chemical constituents and therapeutic efficacy of the of crude drugs. Plant fibers used as surgical dressings, Basic principles involved in the alternative system of medicine likes. Method of preparation of Ayurvedic formulations in like, Herbs as health food, Herbal cosmetics.

Pharmacology

Structure of Cell, Tissues of the human body, Osseous system, Haemopoetic system, Lymphatic system, Cardiovascular system, Respiratory system, Digestive system, Skeletal muscles, Nervous system, Sense organs, Urinary system, Endocrine system, Reproductive system, General Pharmacology, Drugs Acting on Peripheral Nervous System, Drugs Acting on Cardiovascular System, Drugs Acting on Blood and Blood Forming Organs, Drugs Acting on Gastro Intestinal Tract, Drugs Acting on Kidney, Hormones and Hormone Antagonists, Autocoids, Chemotherapy, Scope of Biochemistry in Pharmacy, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids, Enzymes, Vitamins, Metabolism, Minerals, Water and Electrolytes, Organ function tests, Pathology of Blood and Urine, Pharmacotherapeutics, Hypertension, Angina and Myocardial infarction, Hyperlipidemia, Congestive Heart Failure, Asthma ,COPD, Diabetes, Thyroid disorders- Hypo and Hyperthyroidism, Epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, Stroke, Migraine, Gastro esophageal reflux disease, Acid Pepsin Disease, Alcoholic liver disease, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (Crohns disease and Ulcerative colitis), Infectious diseases, Musculoskeletal disorders, Dermatology, Optholmology, Women’s Health.

Unit 1: Introduction to Biotechnology

Definition, scope, and branches of biotechnology
Historical developments and major milestones in biotechnology
Applications of biotechnology in healthcare, agriculture, and environment
Ethical, legal, and social issues in biotechnology

Unit 2: Cell Biology

Structure and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Cell organelles – nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, ER, Golgi apparatus
Cell division – mitosis and meiosis
Differences between plant and animal cells

Unit 3: Molecular Biology

Structure and functions of DNA and RNA
Central dogma – replication, transcription, translation (basic overview)
Genetic code and mutations (concept only)
Basic concept of gene regulation (lac operon example)
Introduction to genetic engineering and cloning

Unit 4: Microbiology

Introduction to microorganisms – bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses
Structure of a bacterial cell and its reproduction
Microbial growth and factors affecting it
Sterilization and culture techniques
Applications of microbes in food, industry, and medicine

Unit 5: Biochemistry

Biomolecules – carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Enzymes – definition, properties, and functions
Energy molecules – ATP and bioenergetics basics
Overview of metabolism – glycolysis and Krebs cycle
Vitamins and coenzymes – functions and importance

Unit 6: Genetic Engineering & Recombinant DNA

Concept of recombinant DNA and its tools (enzymes, plasmids)
Steps in gene cloning (simplified concept)
Applications of genetic engineering – insulin, vaccines, GMOs
Introduction to PCR and gel electrophoresis

Unit 7: Plant and Animal Biotechnology

Basics of plant tissue culture – callus, explant, micropropagation
Animal cell culture – principles and applications
Production of useful products (enzymes, hormones, vaccines)
Introduction to transgenic plants and animals

Unit 8: Environmental and Industrial Biotechnology

Role of biotechnology in environmental protection
Bioremediation, biofertilizers, and biopesticides
Fermentation process and production of alcohol, antibiotics, enzymes
Renewable energy – biofuels and biogas

Unit 9: Bioinformatics

Introduction to bioinformatics – definition and uses
Biological databases (GenBank, PDB, etc.)
Applications of bioinformatics in research and medicine

Unit 10: Immunology and Health Biotechnology

Basics of the immune system – antigens and antibodies
Vaccines, diagnostics, and applications in disease prevention

Construction Materials
Classification of building materials. Properties and uses of stone, brick, cement, lime, timber, glass, steel, aluminum, plastics. Tests on cement, aggregates, bricks (basic).

Applied Mechanics
Laws of forces, equilibrium of bodies. Centre of gravity and moment of inertia (simple sections). Simple machines, friction. Stress, strain, Hooke’s law (basic introduction).

Surveying – Fundamentals
Principles of surveying, classification. Chain surveying, compass surveying. Levelling: instruments and methods. Plane table surveying.

Building Drawing
Principles of planning. Symbols, conventions, and abbreviations in civil drawings. Plan, elevation and section of simple residential building.

Building Construction
Types of foundations, walls, floors, roofs. Doors, windows, stairs (basic types). Damp-proofing, fire protection. Scaffolding and formwork.

Fluid Mechanics
Properties of fluids, units. Hydrostatics: pressure, manometers. Bernoulli’s theorem, continuity equation. Flow through pipes, notches, orifices (concept).

Structural Mechanics
Types of loads and supports. Shear force and bending moment diagrams (simple beams). Bending stress, shear stress. Torsion (basic).

Concrete Technology
Ingredients of concrete: cement, aggregates, water, admixtures. Workability and its measurement. Tests on fresh and hardened concrete. Mix design (basic concept).

Modern Surveying
Principles of tacheometry. Basics of total station and EDM. GPS and GIS applications in surveying. Introduction to remote sensing.

Water Supply Engineering
Sources of water, quality of water. Treatment processes (sedimentation, filtration, chlorination). Distribution systems. Storage and service reservoirs.

Wastewater Engineering
Characteristics of sewage. Sewerage system types. Sewage treatment methods (primary, secondary). Disposal of treated sewage.

Water Resources Engineering
Hydrological cycle, rainfall, runoff. Irrigation: methods and water requirements. Dams: types, advantages, disadvantages. Spillways, canals (basic).

Highway Engineering
Road types and classifications. Road construction materials. Road pavements: flexible and rigid. Road drainage and maintenance.

Railways, Bridges and Tunnels
Components of permanent way. Bridge types: arch, suspension, truss. Bridge foundations. Tunneling methods (basic).

Soil and Foundation Engineering
Properties of soils, classification of soils. Permeability, compaction, consolidation (concept). Bearing capacity of soil. Types of shallow and deep foundations.

RCC Structures
Basic concepts of reinforced concrete. Working stress and limit state ideas (intro only). Design of beams, slabs, columns (elementary principles). RCC detailing in drawings.

Steel Structures
Properties of structural steel. Riveted, bolted and welded connections. Basic design of tension and compression members. Roof trusses (concept).

Quantity Surveying and Valuation
Measurement of works (earthwork, brickwork, concrete work). Preparation of estimates (intro). Types of estimates. Basics of valuation of buildings.

Construction Management & Accounts
Functions of construction management. Bar charts, CPM, PERT (basic). Project costing and accounts. Labour laws and safety in construction.

Special Topics in Civil Engineering
Earthquake-resistant construction: concepts and building provisions. Repair and maintenance of buildings (causes of defects, remedies). Sustainable construction practices (green building basics). Computer applications in civil engineering (intro to CAD, analysis software).

Basics of Computer
The content covers the definition of a computer, its characteristics, the Data Processing Cycle (Input, Process, Output, Storage), and the concept of computer generations and types of computers (e.g. micro, mini, mainframe, supercomputer). It also includes the basic organization and functional units of a computer system.

Computer Hardware
This subtopic delves into and explains the main components of a computer system (the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and its parts (ALU, Control Unit, Registers), Input/Output devices (keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner), and Primary and Secondary Storage devices (RAM, ROM, Cache, Hard Drive, SSD).

Computer Software & Types
The content differentiates between System Software (like Operating Systems, Device Drivers, Utility Programs) and Application Software (like MS Office, specialized tools), explaining their functions and roles. It also introduces programming languages (low-level vs. high-level) and the role of translators (Compiler, Interpreter, Assembler).

Data Representation & Number Systems
This section focuses on how data is stored and represented, covering various Number Systems (Binary, Octal, Decimal, Hexadecimal), their conversions, and basic concepts of data units (bit, byte, KB, MB, GB, etc.). It also includes standard character encoding schemes like ASCII and Unicode.

C Language Basics & Data Types
This introduces the structure of a C program, compilation, and execution. It covers fundamental concepts like tokens, keywords, identifiers, basic data types (int, float, char, double), variables, and constants. It also explains operators (arithmetic, logical, relational, bitwise).

Control Structures & Functions
The content explains how to control the flow of execution in C using selection statements (if, if-else, switch) and iteration/looping statements (for, while, do-while). It includes the concept of functions, their declaration, definition, parameters passing (call by value/reference), and recursion.

Arrays, Strings & Pointers
This section focuses on derived data types, detailing one-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays, common string manipulation functions (string, strcpy), strlen), the concept of pointers, address-of and dereferencing operators, pointer arithmetic, and arrays of pointers.

Structures, Unions & File I/O
The content covers user-defined data types like structures and unions, their declaration and access to members, and the concept of dynamic memory allocation (malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), free()). It also covers fundamentals of File Handling in C (text vs. binary files).

Introduction to OS & Functions
This covers the definition of an Operating System, its primary goals, types of OS (batch, time-sharing, real-time, distributed), and essential functions like resource management, protection and security, and acting as a user interface.

Process Management & Scheduling
The content details the concept of a Process, its lifecycle (states), Process Control Block (PCB), Inter-Process Communication (IPC), and various CPU scheduling algorithms (FCFS, SJF, Priority, Round Robin, Multilevel Queue).

Memory Management Techniques
This subtopic explains different techniques for managing main memory, including contiguous allocation, the problem of fragmentation (internal/external), paging, segmentation, and the concept of Virtual Memory with related topics like demand paging and page replacement algorithms (FIFO, LRU).

Deadlocks & Concurrency
The content covers the necessary conditions for a deadlock to occur, methods for handling deadlocks (prevention, avoidance, using Banker's Algorithm, detection, and recovery). It also touches upon concurrency control and synchronization issues.

Database Concepts & Data Models
This introduces the purpose and advantages of a DBMS, defining terms like data, database, schema, and instance. It discusses different data models, focusing on the Relational Data Model (tables, rows, columns, domains). It also covers the concept of the three-schema architecture (external, conceptual, internal).

Relational Model & Normalization
The content focuses on the relational model's structure, defining concepts like Keys (Primary Key, Foreign Key, Candidate Key), and the process of normalization (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF) to minimize data redundancy and insertion/deletion anomalies. It also includes basic concepts of Functional Dependencies.

Structured Query Language (SQL)
This subtopic covers the fundamental categories of SQL commands: DDL (CREATE, ALTER, DROP), DML (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), DQL (SELECT and its clauses: WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY), and JOIN operations (Inner, Outer JOINS).

Transaction Management & Integrity
The content explains the concept of a Transaction, the ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability), concurrency control (e.g., locking, timestamping), and maintaining data integrity through various constraints (NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK).

HTML Fundamentals & Structure
This covers the core concepts of HyperText Markup Language (HTML5), the structure of an HTML document, semantic tags (<header>,<footer>, <article>), creating links and images, implementing tables, and developing forms for user input with various control types.

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
The content introduces CSS3 for styling web pages, explaining its types (inline, internal, external), advanced selectors and combinators, properties for managing layout (Flexbox, Grid), color, typography, and the concept of the CSS Box Model.

Introduction to JavaScript
This subtopic covers the role of JavaScript (JS) as a client-side scripting language, basic syntax, variables, data types, operators, control flow statements, the Document Object Model (DOM), and its use for dynamic content, event handling, and form validation.

Web Architecture & Protocols
This section explains the fundamental Client-Server Architecture of the Web, the role of the client (browser) and the server, essential protocols (HTTP/HTTPS, FTP), URLs, and the distinction between static versus dynamic web pages and basic concepts of AJAX.

Basic electrical and Electronics Engineering
Basic Principles of Electricity, Ohms law, Work, Power and Energy, Kirchoff’s laws, series and parallel circuits, Inductance, Capacitance, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem, Resonance, Diode, Transistor, Half wave, Full wave and Bridge rectifiers.

Electrical Machines
D.C. Generators – Principle of operation – Constructional Features- E.M.F Equation –Armature windings - Armature reaction – Commutation Process. Types of DC generators. D.C. Generators – Principle of operation – Constructional Features- E.M.F Equation –Armature windings - Armature reaction – Commutation Process. Types of DC generators. Transformers construction, principle of operation; EMF Equation. Single phase and three phase induction motors, Synchronous motors basics, alternator working principle.

Power Systems
Different sources of energy – Conventional and Non-conventional sources –Methods of generation of energy from different sources of power- construction and working principle of thermal, nuclear and Hydel power stations, Transmission lines, Need for transmission lines-Transmission supply systems, Relative advantages and disadvantages of AC & DC Transmission, Primary and secondary distribution, Feeders, distribution and service mains, Classification of Distribution systems,  Fuse, Relays and circuit breakers.

Digital Electronics
Binary, Octal. Hexadecimal number systems- Binary codes, excess-3 and gray codes- Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, Exclusive-OR-Boolean algebra, adder, multiplexers.

Engineering Mathematics
Definition of a matrix, types of matrices-examples, algebra of matrices-equality of two matrices, sum, scalar multiplication and product of matrices. Transpose of a matrix, Symmetric, skew symmetric matrices-Minor, cofactor of an element-Determinant of a square matrix-Laplace’s expansion, properties of determinants. Partial Fractions, Complex Numbers, Limits and Continuity, Maxima and Minima.

Electrical Measurements
List of important electrical quantities to be measured, their units and the names of the instruments to measure them- Classification of instruments - different types of torques (Deflection, Controlling and Damping torques) in the indicating instruments, M.C. and M.I types of Ammeters and Voltmeters - their Construction and working, errors, comparison- shunts and multipliers for M.C instruments – problems on shunts and multipliers for M.C instruments - Dynamometer type Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter –construction, working, errors - use of Instrument transformers- Measurement of energy –single phase Induction type energy meter, Measurement of resistance, inductance and capacitance.

Power electronics
Definitions, importance, types of power semiconductor devices (SCR, TRIAC, GTO, MOSFET, IGBT), V-I characteristics of SCR, TRIAC; comparison among devices; switching characteristics; safe operating area; protection of devices. Single-phase half-wave, full-wave, bridge converters; controlled rectifiers; commutation methods; ripple, effect of load, freewheeling diodes.

• Semiconductor Physics and Materials
  Fundamentals of semiconductor physics, covering atomic structure, energy levels, and the classification of conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. It explains the properties of silicon and germanium, energy band diagrams, majority and minority carriers, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, doping processes, the effect of temperature on conductivity, and the role of electron–hole pairs in current conduction.
• Semiconductor Diodes and Applications
  PN junction diode, current flow mechanism, drift and diffusion currents, barrier potential, and V–I characteristics. It explains static and dynamic resistance calculations, half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifiers along with performance parameters such as PIV, rectification efficiency, and ripple factor. Different filter circuits including shunt capacitor, inductor, LC, and RC filters are studied. The Zener diode, its breakdown mechanism, and regulated power supply applications.
• Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)
  Construction and operation of NPN and PNP transistors, transistor current relations, leakage currents, and configurations such as CB, CE, and CC. Input and output characteristics, dynamic resistances, current amplification factors, and comparison of different configurations are explained. The applications of BJTs as amplifiers.
• Transistor Amplifiers and Biasing
  Design and working of single-stage CE amplifiers, AC and DC load line concepts, and methods of calculating current and voltage gains. Phase reversal in CE amplifiers is analyzed using h-parameters. Various biasing techniques such as fixed bias, voltage divider bias, and emitter bias are introduced, along with the concept of stability factor and the importance of selecting a proper operating point.
• Field Effect Transistors (FETs) and MOSFETs
  Construction, working, and characteristics of JFETs and their applications. The operation of MOSFETs in depletion and enhancement modes is covered, along with CMOS basics, advantages, and applications. A comparison of JFET, MOSFET, and BJT is made, and the working principle of FET amplifier circuits.
• Multistage, Power and Feedback Amplifiers
  Need for multistage amplifiers and explains RC-coupled, transformer-coupled, and direct-coupled amplifiers. Tuned amplifiers including single and double tuned circuits are covered, followed by power amplifiers such as Class A, B, C, and AB with their efficiency, impedance matching, and distortion. Negative feedback amplifiers and emitter follower circuits.
• Wave Shaping and Oscillator Circuits
  Wave-shaping circuits including RC and RL integrating and differentiating circuits, clippers, and clampers. Oscillator principles are introduced through Barkhausen’s criterion and circuits such as tuned collector, Hartley, Colpitts, phase-shift, Wien’s bridge, and crystal oscillators. IC-based oscillators including voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO) and phase-locked loops (PLL).
• Digital Number Systems and Codes
  Binary, octal, and hexadecimal along with conversions between them. Binary arithmetic operations, 1’s and 2’s complement methods, floating-point representation, and codes such as BCD, Excess-3, Gray, ASCII, EBCDIC. Concepts of error detection and correction techniques including parity and Hamming code.
• Boolean Algebra and Logic Simplification
  Boolean algebra, its postulates and theorems, including De Morgan’s laws and the principle of duality. SOP and POS forms, Karnaugh map simplification up to four variables, implementation of Boolean functions using gates, and the concept of universal gates NAND and NOR.
• Combinational Logic Circuits
  Combinational circuits such as half and full adders and subtractors, 4-bit adder/subtractor circuits, encoders, decoders, multiplexers, demultiplexers, and comparators. Seven-segment display decoders .
• Sequential Circuits and Flip-Flops
  Latches including SR and D types, flip-flops such as RS, JK, T, D, and master-slave JK, along with their truth tables, timing diagrams, and excitation tables. The difference between latches and flip-flops along with edge triggering concepts and applications in counters and registers.
• Counters and Shift Registers
  Asynchronous and synchronous counters, decade counters, ring counters, and programmable counters. Universal shift registers and operations such as serial-in/serial-out, serial-in/parallel-out, parallel-in/serial-out, and parallel-in/parallel-out. Applications of counters and registers in digital systems.
• Principles of Communication
  Need for modulation and the block diagram of a modern communication system. Amplitude modulation with sidebands, power distribution, DSB-SC, SSB-SC, and ISB are studied. Angle modulation including FM and PM is introduced with parameters such as modulation index, bandwidth, Carson’s rule, and a comparison of AM, FM, and PM techniques.
• Modulation and Demodulation Techniques
  Square-law, balanced, ring, collector, and base modulators for AM, and varactor diode, reactance, VCO, and Armstrong modulators for FM. Demodulation techniques include AM diode detector circuits, RC constants, FM detection using Foster-Seeley, ratio detector, quadrature detector, and PLL. Pre-emphasis, de-emphasis, and the role of limiters in FM systems.
• Communication Systems and Receivers
  AM and FM transmitters, their block diagrams, and working principles. The superheterodyne AM receiver with sensitivity, selectivity, fidelity, and SNR. Automatic Gain Control (AGC), image rejection ratio, and IF selection criteria are included. Differences between communication receivers and broadcast receivers .
• Antennas and Wave Propagation
  Electromagnetic spectrum from VLF to microwave frequencies, radiation mechanism of dipoles, polarization, and antenna parameters such as gain, directivity, aperture, and resistance. Different types of antennas including dipole, folded dipole, loop, Yagi, ferrite rod, broadside, end-fire, rhombic, and dish  with their applications. Propagation modes including ground, space, and sky wave propagation, ionospheric layers, skip distance, and MUF.
• Digital Communication Systems
  Bock diagram, and line coding techniques. Modulation techniques including ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, and MSK. Pulse Code Modulation, quantization, error, and variants like DPCM, Delta modulation, and Adaptive Delta modulation. Multiplexing techniques such as TDM and FDM along with error detection and correction methods like CRC, Hamming, and ARQ.
• Optical Fiber Communication
  Structure and types of fibers including step index and graded index, numerical aperture, acceptance angle, and splicing techniques. Losses such as absorption, scattering, bending, and dispersion. Optical sources including LEDs and laser diodes, detectors like PIN and APD, and optical amplifiers such as SOA, EDFA, and Raman amplifiers.
• Microwave Engineering
  Microwave spectrum and its applications, waveguides including rectangular and circular types, and microwave components such as couplers, bends, attenuators, and isolators. Microwave tubes such as klystrons, TWTs, and magnetrons, solid-state devices like Gunn and IMPATT diodes. Scattering parameters (S-matrix) and microwave links including radar principles.
• Wireless and Mobile Communication
  Evolution of wireless systems from 1G to 5G. Concepts of cellular communication including cell area, frequency reuse, handoff, and sectoring. Multiple access techniques including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and OFDM, GSM architecture and channels, CDMA features, LTE and 4G systems, and the basics of 5G NR along with IoT applications in wireless communication.

Food Chemistry and Microbiology: Classification, Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, type of pigments, vitamins and minerals, microbiology of various food products.
Food Process Technology: Milling of cereals and pulses, oil extraction methods, standardization, homogenization and pasteurization of liquid milk, meat and poultry processing, production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, technology of manufacturing of fruits and vegetables product, different preservation techniques in food.
Food Analysis and Quality Control: Quality attributes, food adulteration and its detection, sensory evaluation, HACCP, food safety and standards Act.
Heat and mass Transfer: Different modes of heat transfer with governing relationships, Fourier’s law, Natural and forced convection, Radiation heat transfer, Fick’s law of diffusion, Mass transfer operations and their applications,
Unit Operations: Ritinger’s law and bond’s law, Bernoulli’s theorem and different regimes, elementary knowledge of pumps and fluid behavior, Mixing index and Rate of mixing, agitation, filtration, separation, Crystallization.

Applied Mechanics
Laws of forces, equilibrium of bodies. Centre of gravity and moment of inertia (simple sections). Simple machines, MA, VR, efficiency. Friction and its applications. Shear force and bending moment diagrams (elementary).

Engineering Materials
Classification: metals, alloys, polymers, ceramics, composites. Mechanical properties: strength, hardness, ductility, toughness. Ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. Heat treatment of steels. Corrosion and prevention methods.

Workshop Technology – Fundamentals
Casting: steps, types of patterns, defects. Welding: gas, arc, resistance, gas cutting. Forging, rolling, extrusion (elementary). Introduction to machine tools (lathe, drilling, shaping, grinding).

Metrology & Instrumentation
Vernier caliper, micrometer, slip gauges. Linear and angular measurement instruments. Comparators, limit gauges, dial indicators. Basics of sensors and transducers.

Hydraulics & Pneumatics
Properties of fluids, Pascal’s law. Bernoulli’s theorem, continuity equation. Hydraulic pumps and turbines (Pelton, Francis, Kaplan – principle). Pneumatic actuators and control elements.

Thermodynamics – Fundamentals
Laws of thermodynamics. Heat, work, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy. Perfect gas laws. Otto and Diesel cycles (concept with P–V diagram).

Strength of Materials
Stress, strain, Hooke’s law. Elastic and plastic deformation. Bending stress in beams. Torsion of shafts. Thin cylinders and hoop stress.

Theory of Machines
Links, pairs, mechanisms (four-bar chain). Velocity and acceleration diagrams (simple cases). Gear trains, gear ratio calculations. Flywheels and governors (functions). Cams and followers.

Workshop Technology – Machining
Lathe operations and tool geometry. Drilling, shaping, and milling machines. Grinding and finishing processes. Jigs and fixtures (applications).

Fluid Machinery
Classification of pumps and turbines. Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. Hydraulic turbines – Pelton, Francis, Kaplan. Performance characteristics.

Power Engineering (Boilers & Engines)
Boilers: types (Cochran, Lancashire), mountings and accessories. Boiler efficiency and draught. IC engines: working principles of 2-stroke and 4-stroke. Performance parameters (BP, IP, efficiencies).

Heat Transfer
Modes: conduction, convection, radiation. Heat exchangers (parallel and counter flow). Simple conduction problems. Industrial applications.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Principles of refrigeration, unit (TR). Refrigerants and their properties. Vapor compression refrigeration system (block diagram). Air conditioning processes and psychrometry basics. Eco-friendly refrigerants.

Automobile Engineering
IC engine classification and working (2-stroke & 4-stroke). Clutches, brakes, and steering system. Transmission systems and gear box (concept). Suspension systems and vehicle layout.

Manufacturing Processes – Casting & Welding
Pattern types and allowances. Sand molding process. Casting defects and remedies. Arc welding, gas welding, resistance welding.

Manufacturing Processes – Forming & Machining
Forging, rolling, extrusion, drawing (basic concepts). Cutting tools: geometry and materials.Turning, taper turning, threading operations.

Manufacturing Processes – Powder, Plastic & Rubber
Powder metallurgy: process steps and applications. Plastic processing: injection molding, compression molding, extrusion. Rubber processing and vulcanization.

CNC Machines
NC, CNC and DNC systems. CNC machine components. G-code and M-code basics. Applications of CNC in manufacturing.

Basics of Management & Industrial Engineering
Functions of management: planning, organizing, controlling. Productivity and quality concepts. Quality control (inspection basics). Industrial safety practices.

Machine Design syllabus
Design procedures and applications of mechanical elements. Fundamentals of machine design, stress, strain, factor of safety, material properties, modes of failure, and design criteria, design of simple mechanical components such as riveted, welded, and bolted joints.

Anatomy

• General anatomy: cells, tissues, organs, and systems organization.
• Osteology: classification, structure, functions, and growth of bones; joints and their types.
• Muscular system: types, structure, actions, and applied anatomy of major muscles.
• Cardiovascular system: heart, circulation, and blood supply to major organs.
• Respiratory system: lungs, diaphragm, and mechanics of respiration.
• Digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems: gross anatomy and functions.
• Nervous system:
  • Structure and function of brain, cerebellum, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
  • Reflex arcs and neural pathways.
• Surface and functional anatomy related to movement and posture.
• Applied anatomy of upper and lower limbs, trunk, and spine in relation to physiotherapy.
• Radiological and cross-sectional anatomy: basics and clinical relevance.

Physiology

• Cell structure, functions, and homeostasis.
• Blood: composition, functions, blood groups, and disorders.
• Cardiovascular system: cardiac cycle, blood pressure regulation, and cardiac output.
• Respiratory system: mechanism and control of breathing, lung volumes, and gas exchange.
• Digestive system: process and regulation of digestion and absorption.
• Excretory system: structure and function of nephron, urine formation.
• Nervous system: transmission of nerve impulse, reflex arc, motor control.
• Endocrine system: major glands, hormones, and physiological effects.
• Reproductive system: male and female reproductive physiology.
• Basic pathology concepts: inflammation, infection, repair, degeneration.
• Basic pharmacology: drugs affecting CNS, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems.

Exercise Therapy

• Principles and goals of therapeutic exercise.
• Types and classification of exercise (active, passive, assisted, resisted).
• Range of motion, stretching, and strengthening techniques.
• Posture, postural alignment, and correction.
• Muscle testing and grading.
• Gait training, crutch walking, balance, and coordination exercises.
• Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and functional re-education.
• Massage: principles, techniques, and therapeutic uses.
• Fitness assessment (strength, flexibility, endurance).
• Ergonomics and posture correction exercises.

Electrotherapy

• Physics of electricity, current types, and safety precautions.
• Low-frequency currents: faradic, galvanic, TENS, NMES, and interferential therapy.
• High-frequency currents: shortwave diathermy, microwave, and ultrasound therapy.
• Thermal agents: infrared, ultraviolet, wax therapy, hydrotherapy, cryotherapy.
• Electrophysiology: nerve conduction, muscle excitability, EMG basics.
• Indications, contraindications, and precautions for therapeutic modalities.
• Modern modalities: LASER, shockwave, combination therapy, and electrodiagnostic applications.
• Evidence-based use of electrotherapy and clinical decision-making.

Pathology and Medicine

• Inflammation, infection, tissue repair, and healing.
• Metabolic and deficiency diseases: diabetes, rickets, anemia, gout.
• Cardiopulmonary disorders: asthma, COPD, ischemic heart disease, hypertension.
• Musculoskeletal disorders: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, spondylosis.
• Neurological conditions: stroke, cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s, peripheral nerve lesions.
• Common pediatric and geriatric conditions requiring physiotherapy.
• Psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders affecting rehabilitation.
• Lifestyle and non-communicable diseases (NCDs): obesity, hypertension, diabetes.
• Post-COVID and pulmonary rehabilitation principles.

Surgery & Orthopaedics

• Fracture types, healing, and complications; physiotherapy management.
• Common orthopedic disorders: deformities, arthritis, spondylosis, postural defects.
• Peripheral nerve injuries: assessment and rehabilitation.
• Burns and amputations: post-operative physiotherapy, prosthetic training.
• Pre- and post-operative physiotherapy management (general, orthopedic, and cardiothoracic).
• Corrective orthopedic surgeries: arthroplasty, arthrodesis, tendon transfer, osteotomy.
• Sports injuries and rehabilitation: ligament sprains, muscle tears, overuse injuries.
• Cardiothoracic and abdominal surgery rehabilitation protocols.

Psychology

• Scope and importance of psychology in physiotherapy.
• Growth and development across the lifespan.
• Learning, motivation, and behavior modification.
• Adjustment, stress, and mental health.
• Counseling skills and communication with patients.
• Role of psychology in rehabilitation and adherence to therapy.

Biomechanics & Kinesiology

• Laws of motion, force, torque, and equilibrium.
• Planes, axes, levers, center of gravity, and stability.
• Principles of locomotion and movement analysis.
• Muscle action, moment arms, and joint mechanics.
• Applied biomechanics:
  • Gait analysis and posture assessment.
  • Ergonomic evaluation and correction.
  • Movement analysis in functional activities.

Rehabilitation & Disability

• Concepts of impairment, disability, and handicap.
• Rehabilitation process and stages: medical, social, and vocational.
• Role of physiotherapist in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team.
• Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR).
• Orthotics and prosthetics: principles, types, and applications.
• Assistive technology and mobility aids.
• Communication and ethics in physiotherapy practice.
• ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability & Health) framework.
• National disability programs and legislations (RPWD Act, 2016).